Weird hardware mod ???

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scholbert

Weird hardware mod ???

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Hi,

after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.

This led me to a wicked idea:
Solder some thin wires to the dedicated signals and use this interface for a camera module.
I thought about ripping it off from another phone (e.g. Nokia 6600 or 6680) and attach it to the freerunner.
Of course a kernel driver would also be needed.

Are there any details known about this interface of the Glamo?
Any source code available??

Any comments are welcome!

scholbert
scholbert

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O.k. seems like this is mission impossible.
I did a little research and did not find anything related to the Glamo camera interface.

So, as long as there's no document available (i know about this NDA issue) seems this is a no go!
Anyway, if you like to comment on this, don't hesitate.

Cheers,

scholbert
Andy Green

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Somebody in the thread at some point said:
| O.k. seems like this is mission impossible.
| I did a little research and did not find anything related to the Glamo
| camera interface.
|
| So, as long as there's no document available (i know about this NDA issue)
| seems this is a no go!
| Anyway, if you like to comment on this, don't hesitate.

Yes it's not a good mission to get sent on.  If the spy masters were
sending me on this mission, I would think about getting a new job.  It
would be many weeks of work for nothing that is easily repeatable even
with the docs.

Better to look at the USB host external interface, for webcam or real
camera.  In that way, you can be an "onward transmission" unit for any
camera even these 12Mpixel things.  And you don't need to open the case
or write any drivers.

- -Andy
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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

Re: Weird hardware mod ???

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In reply to this post by scholbert
On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 02:44:50AM -0800, scholbert wrote:
>
> Hi,
>
> after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized
> that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically
> accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.
[snip]

> Any comments are welcome!

   I've also thought about ways of adding an internal camera to a GTA02.
There's a camera controller in the s3c2440, but most of its pins have been
assigned for other purposes as GPIO and they may not be accessible in the
first place. So I've scrapped that idea.

   Then I saw that there's an internal USB host controller which is only
used for Bluetooth connectivity. It should work fine with a USB camera as
well. I haven't had a look inside my GTA02 yet, so I don't know which of the
following options are realistic:

   1) Just disconnect the BT chip and route the power and D+/D- to the
camera instead of the BT chip.
   2) Add an internal USB hub, reroute BT D+/D- through the hub, connect camera
D+/D- to the hub. Think of more USB devices to include while we're at it. ;-)

   Power:

   Ad 2) Find an unused GPIO pin somewhere to control camera power, use
wired-or for hub power (or use another unused GPIO pin). E.g. PCF50633 pin
14 "GPIO3".

   I don't know yet where to find room for the camera. Having not yet had
the cover off my GTA02, the only unused space I know of is that next to the
battery, right over the µSD slot. The camera would then be mounted on the
inside of the battery cover, pointing away from the display. There'd be a USB
connector of some sort towards the side of the GTA02 for the electrical
connection.

   Pros of the USB way: Very simple electrically with only four wires to
connect. Uses existing USB drivers.
   Cons of the USB way: Lack of a camera suitable for USB 1.1. I have yet to
find one that does more than 800x600 compressed or 176x144 uncompressed.
Higher resolution still images ought to work fine over USB 1.1, but the
camera firmware needs to allow it.

   Btw, if you think modding a GTA02 to include a camera is wicked, read
this:
http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades
- "it does not bulge much at all" :-)

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Leonti

Re: Weird hardware mod ???

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I like the idea. Seems simple and easy.
With small oscillator and other parts it will be possible to put it
inside the case without problems(I mean "inner inside" - leaving space
near the battery free for mods) - kind of the mod Werner did with his
internal debug board.

What drawbacks can we have after doing this?
What I would like to know from hardware folks is will it affect
charging/usb host mode etc.?

Leonti

On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 12:29 AM, Rask Ingemann Lambertsen
<[hidden email]> wrote:

> On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 02:44:50AM -0800, scholbert wrote:
>>
>> Hi,
>>
>> after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized
>> that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically
>> accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.
> [snip]
>
>> Any comments are welcome!
>
>   I've also thought about ways of adding an internal camera to a GTA02.
> There's a camera controller in the s3c2440, but most of its pins have been
> assigned for other purposes as GPIO and they may not be accessible in the
> first place. So I've scrapped that idea.
>
>   Then I saw that there's an internal USB host controller which is only
> used for Bluetooth connectivity. It should work fine with a USB camera as
> well. I haven't had a look inside my GTA02 yet, so I don't know which of the
> following options are realistic:
>
>   1) Just disconnect the BT chip and route the power and D+/D- to the
> camera instead of the BT chip.
>   2) Add an internal USB hub, reroute BT D+/D- through the hub, connect camera
> D+/D- to the hub. Think of more USB devices to include while we're at it. ;-)
>
>   Power:
>
>   Ad 2) Find an unused GPIO pin somewhere to control camera power, use
> wired-or for hub power (or use another unused GPIO pin). E.g. PCF50633 pin
> 14 "GPIO3".
>
>   I don't know yet where to find room for the camera. Having not yet had
> the cover off my GTA02, the only unused space I know of is that next to the
> battery, right over the µSD slot. The camera would then be mounted on the
> inside of the battery cover, pointing away from the display. There'd be a USB
> connector of some sort towards the side of the GTA02 for the electrical
> connection.
>
>   Pros of the USB way: Very simple electrically with only four wires to
> connect. Uses existing USB drivers.
>   Cons of the USB way: Lack of a camera suitable for USB 1.1. I have yet to
> find one that does more than 800x600 compressed or 176x144 uncompressed.
> Higher resolution still images ought to work fine over USB 1.1, but the
> camera firmware needs to allow it.
>
>   Btw, if you think modding a GTA02 to include a camera is wicked, read
> this:
> http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades
> - "it does not bulge much at all" :-)
>
> --
> Rask Ingemann Lambertsen
> Danish law requires addresses in e-mail to be logged and stored for a year
>
> _______________________________________________
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> [hidden email]
> http://lists.openmoko.org/mailman/listinfo/hardware
>

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Andy Green

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Somebody in the thread at some point said:
| I like the idea. Seems simple and easy.
| With small oscillator and other parts it will be possible to put it
| inside the case without problems(I mean "inner inside" - leaving space
| near the battery free for mods) - kind of the mod Werner did with his
| internal debug board.
|
| What drawbacks can we have after doing this?
| What I would like to know from hardware folks is will it affect
| charging/usb host mode etc.?

Won't affect any of that.

You'd need to meddle with the mylar flex PCB that holds the BT device
where it terminates to the PCB, that won't be simple.

You'd need to find some space for the hub as well, these are only in SMT
so you'd need a little PCB somewhere in there.

The hardest thing though will be to find a "webcam" type device that can
make any decent still picture over USB 1.1.

But other than those points, this is quite workable.

- -Andy
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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

Re: Weird hardware mod ???

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On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 05:39:09AM +0000, Andy Green wrote:
>
> You'd need to meddle with the mylar flex PCB that holds the BT device
> where it terminates to the PCB, that won't be simple.

   This is the part that worries me the most. The signals I'm after are
available at the H-BTFPO01 test points, but that's on the front side, which
IIRC is glued to the display, right?

> You'd need to find some space for the hub as well, these are only in SMT
> so you'd need a little PCB somewhere in there.

   The "plan" is to buy a consumer packaged USB hub and rip out the PCB from
it, with IC still soldered to it, and trim the PCB as much as possible, just
as in the Asus Eee PC mod I referred to.

   It would also be nice to have the GSM buzz fix worked out before applying
homebrew mods to the GTA, if for nothing else to prevent conflicts over the
space they occupy. Last I read, the buzz fix will take up some of the (so
far) unused space in the GTA.

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Werner Almesberger

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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen wrote:
>    This is the part that worries me the most. The signals I'm after are
> available at the H-BTFPO01 test points, but that's on the front side, which
> IIRC is glued to the display, right?

The display is glued to some black rubbery sheet. In recent models,
it's pretty hard to remove. I once tried but gave up. In older
models, it comes off easily. Underneath, you may find a thin but
fairly strong plastic film that you have to peel off to get at the
contacts.

>    The "plan" is to buy a consumer packaged USB hub and rip out the PCB from
> it, with IC still soldered to it, and trim the PCB as much as possible, just
> as in the Asus Eee PC mod I referred to.

That's probably way too big to fit anywhere in the case. I'd recommend
to start simple: forget the hub, just remove BT (you may even want to
reuse the space it takes in the case), and just take power from any
convenient source, without worrying about power saving and the like.

Spend some time taking your Neo apart and getting a feeling for the
spaces inside the case. If you need to make a PCB to mount the camera
module, design it and then make a mockup to see if it fits. One
warning: if you enter the "embedded air" cavities in the middle piece
of the case, you have to leave space for the top to enter and lock.

Once you have gotten the simple variant to work, you'll have a better
feeling for how you can proceed. Finding a suitable USB hub may be
hard if you want everything to still fit in the case. Perhaps a chip
like the SMSC USB2512 (36QFN, 6x6mm) will work.

>    It would also be nice to have the GSM buzz fix worked out before applying
> homebrew mods to the GTA, if for nothing else to prevent conflicts over the
> space they occupy. Last I read, the buzz fix will take up some of the (so
> far) unused space in the GTA.

I'm not sure if this area will be a great help. You could put some
small PCB or other components there, but you don't have much vertical
space.

If you don't care about fitting things inside the case, you have of
course much more freedom.

- Werner

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Andy Green

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Somebody in the thread at some point said:
| On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 05:39:09AM +0000, Andy Green wrote:
|> You'd need to meddle with the mylar flex PCB that holds the BT device
|> where it terminates to the PCB, that won't be simple.
|
|    This is the part that worries me the most. The signals I'm after are
| available at the H-BTFPO01 test points, but that's on the front side,
which
| IIRC is glued to the display, right?

Yes.  It's quite possible to flex the LCM somewhat, but if you flex it
too much trying to peel it off you will crack the touchpanel part of the
LCM.

|> You'd need to find some space for the hub as well, these are only in SMT
|> so you'd need a little PCB somewhere in there.
|
|    The "plan" is to buy a consumer packaged USB hub and rip out the
PCB from
| it, with IC still soldered to it, and trim the PCB as much as
possible, just
| as in the Asus Eee PC mod I referred to.

It'd be too big I think you find.

|    It would also be nice to have the GSM buzz fix worked out before
applying
| homebrew mods to the GTA, if for nothing else to prevent conflicts
over the
| space they occupy. Last I read, the buzz fix will take up some of the (so
| far) unused space in the GTA.

Yeah not too much and near the mic where you wouldn't want to cover it
anyway.

What I would do though is swap the order you're doing things around.
Start with a webcam mated to a mini USB plug and see how you go with the
software stack and driver using the external host connector first.  If
you run into roadblocks there, it saves you doing all the other business
fruitlessly, whereas if it works you at least know you will otherwise
have success.

- -Andy


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Leonti

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This might help:
http://www.instructables.com/id/Four-port-USB-hub/

Leonti

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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

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On Sun, Jan 25, 2009 at 11:47:06AM +0000, Andy Green wrote:
>
> What I would do though is swap the order you're doing things around.
> Start with a webcam mated to a mini USB plug and see how you go with the
> software stack and driver using the external host connector first.  If
> you run into roadblocks there, it saves you doing all the other business
> fruitlessly, whereas if it works you at least know you will otherwise
> have success.

   The software side of things is coming along nicely [1] and tested on the
external connector with the cable that came with the GTA, a type A jack to a
type A jack adapter and a USB webcama with its own cable.

[1] http://lists.openmoko.org/pipermail/support/2009-January/004464.html

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Somebody in the thread at some point said:
| On Sun, Jan 25, 2009 at 11:47:06AM +0000, Andy Green wrote:
|> What I would do though is swap the order you're doing things around.
|> Start with a webcam mated to a mini USB plug and see how you go with the
|> software stack and driver using the external host connector first.  If
|> you run into roadblocks there, it saves you doing all the other business
|> fruitlessly, whereas if it works you at least know you will otherwise
|> have success.
|
|    The software side of things is coming along nicely [1] and tested
on the
| external connector with the cable that came with the GTA, a type A
jack to a
| type A jack adapter and a USB webcama with its own cable.

Sounds good.

- -Andy
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scholbert

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Hi again,

i'm very impressed about this upcoming discussion (Got no time the last days to join in...)
So it seems due to missing software and Glamo openness i'll have to forget about using any part this chip.

Anyway, i like the idea to extend the internal USB host port.
Maybe this could led us to a more universal internal extension.
So, it's time to open the housing and look for some space!
Perhaps i'm able to contribute my knowledge about hardware, because i'm no genius in hacking.

Thanks for all your replies!!!!

scholbert

Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

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On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 12:29:23AM +0100, Rask Ingemann Lambertsen wrote:
>    2) Add an internal USB hub, reroute BT D+/D- through the hub, connect camera
> D+/D- to the hub. Think of more USB devices to include while we're at it. ;-)

   a) An extra card reader. When I bought an 8 GB micro-SD card, it came
with a small USB micro-SD and M2 card reader. 28 mm x 11 mm x 4 mm. It may
be possible to find a shorter card reader without M2 connector. Preferably
one that runs on 3.3 V. Placement: Facing towards the unused space in the
battery compartment, so it is both reasonably protected and not too
difficult to get to. This means either where the IDBG was supposed to go or
over the USB connector and power button.

   b) A second external USB port. Werner managed to cram a connector in.
Add a step-up converter for 5 V supply. Perhaps 100 mA only to keep it small
and not overload the battery.

   A separate connector for power supply + FET connected as per the PCF50633
manual, so the USB port is available even when charging.

>    Cons of the USB way: Lack of a camera suitable for USB 1.1. I have yet to
> find one that does more than 800x600 compressed or 176x144 uncompressed.

   Strictly speaking, I _do_ have one that does 352x288 uncompressed, but
the image quality isn't very good. But hey, it was thrown at me (or at
least in my general direction). :-) It's an MT-400 according to the box,
'0c45:6029 Microdia Triplex i-mini PC Camera' according to lsusb.

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Werner Almesberger

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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen wrote:
>    A separate connector for power supply + FET connected as per the PCF50633
> manual, so the USB port is available even when charging.

I thought about this for IDBG. If you have power come in from only
one USB source, you could share the USB current limiter in the PMU.

If you may have power from both sides, you'd need a current limiter
that can be set to 100/500 mA on the "extra" port. If you want to
support also the wall charger, you need an ADC and thus a different
controller chip. (Suitable choices are available, they're just a tad
more costly.)

The current limiter is needed - if you accept dual input - to avoid
situations like both USB ports providing 500 mA, so you'd set the
limit to 1000 mA. But then one gets disconnected and until
software has responded, you'll be drawing 1000 mA from the poor
remaining source.

This would be particularly bad if the software that has to respond
is the main CPU and it has just crashed. The conditional probability
of someone pulling power when the CPU has crashed might be rather
high, considering that one may attempt a power-on reset ...

If you only admit a single USB source at a time, all you need is a
switch and access to EN_USBHOST. Something like the Fairchild
FPF1003A (1x1.5 mm BGA) or FPF1007 (2x2 mm MLF) should do nicely.

Things get much easier if you design with just a single type of
source in mind without having to handle all the possibilities of
USB.

- Werner

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Somebody in the thread at some point said:
| On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 12:29:23AM +0100, Rask Ingemann Lambertsen wrote:
|>    2) Add an internal USB hub, reroute BT D+/D- through the hub,
connect camera
|> D+/D- to the hub. Think of more USB devices to include while we're at
it. ;-)
|
|    a) An extra card reader. When I bought an 8 GB micro-SD card, it came
| with a small USB micro-SD and M2 card reader. 28 mm x 11 mm x 4 mm. It may

It'd be ~800KBytes/sec FWIW.

|    A separate connector for power supply + FET connected as per the
PCF50633
| manual, so the USB port is available even when charging.

This completely external Y-cable concept will be better than trying to
use Adapter path.  There is like 0.5mm of LCC pad exposed on the
pcf50633 but there's no real way you can reliably connect to this NC pin.

- -Andy
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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

Re: Glamo camera interface (Was: Weird hardware mod ???)

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On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 02:44:50AM -0800, scholbert wrote:

>
> after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized
> that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically
> accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.
>
> This led me to a wicked idea:
> Solder some thin wires to the dedicated signals and use this interface for a
> camera module.
> I thought about ripping it off from another phone (e.g. Nokia 6600 or 6680)
> and attach it to the freerunner.
> Of course a kernel driver would also be needed.
>
> Are there any details known about this interface of the Glamo?

   Perhaps someone who has signed the NDA could tell if the documentation
seems to sufficient for writing a driver as well as what's in it on the
hardware side. Does it look like it will connect to an off-the-shelf image
sensor without a lot of glue components?

   Also, what are the chances of getting the documentation, under NDA or
not, now that SMedia has been bought by ITE Tech? The Glamo isn't even
listed on their product page.

   The reason I'm asking is that I opened the two web cameras I have and
concluded that fitting the optics will be a challenge and fitting the PCB will
be impossible. A custom PCB without the USB stuff and hopefully with fewer
voltage regulators seems to be the only hope.

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Ian Stirling-7

Re: Glamo camera interface (Was: Weird hardware mod ???)

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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen wrote:

> On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 02:44:50AM -0800, scholbert wrote:
>> after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized
>> that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically
>> accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.
>>
>> This led me to a wicked idea:
>> Solder some thin wires to the dedicated signals and use this interface for a
>> camera module.
>> I thought about ripping it off from another phone (e.g. Nokia 6600 or 6680)
>> and attach it to the freerunner.
>> Of course a kernel driver would also be needed.
>>
>> Are there any details known about this interface of the Glamo?
>
<snip>

>    The reason I'm asking is that I opened the two web cameras I have and
> concluded that fitting the optics will be a challenge and fitting the PCB will
> be impossible. A custom PCB without the USB stuff and hopefully with fewer
> voltage regulators seems to be the only hope.

there are single chip cameras available -
http://www.sparkfun.com/commerce/product_info.php?products_id=8667 is a
typical example.

In bulk, VGA cameras of this form are around a dollar.

Essentially all of these interface in one way.
There have as inputs:
Clock signal - 6-20MHz or so depending.

As outputs - D0-7 - a data bus that outputs all of the pixels.

And 2 pins as an I2C bus, to setup registers and streaming.
They may also have a couple of pins of GPIO, a chip enable, and a flash
output.

None can output video over I2C, you have to read it from the parallel
bus at 6-20MHz - enough to readout  the frame in 1/60th of a second or so.

In short - you need a specialised camera input, with 8 parallel bits,
and an I2C bus. You cannot use this form of camera without that.



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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen

Interfacing a camera module (Was: Weird hardware mod ???)

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On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 02:44:50AM -0800, scholbert wrote:

> after having a deeper look into the schematics of freerunner, i realized
> that most of the pins of the Glamo camera interface are physically
> accessible at the resistor networks RP1801..1804.
>
> This led me to a wicked idea:
> Solder some thin wires to the dedicated signals and use this interface for a
> camera module.

   It really is a shame that no Glamo docs are available, because it would
be the best solution since
   - there's a readily available parallel bus with associated clock signals,
   - there'd (in principle) rarely be a need to transfer the camera data across
     the slow bus out of the Glamo because the destination would be either
     the frame buffer for display or the SD card interface for capture.

   There are enough unused GPIO pins on the S3C2442B for an 8-bit parallel
bus, but the ones that are connected to a test point or are otherwice
accessible are scattered all over the place, so you can't just set up a DMA
channel to pull the data from a GPIO port register. You'd need to use the
CPU to read the GPIO ports and combine the bits millions of times per
second. I don't know if that is feasible.

   FWIW, the GPIO pins that are either unused or could be reassigned are
these (not including the many that end underneath the 2442b and are thus
impossible to get to):

GPB8 - R7609 EXTINT0 (NXDREQ1)

GPC7 H-TP1538
GPC13 H-TP1533 R1548 pcb_revision1
GPC15 H-TP1534

GPD0 H-TP1535
GPD3 H-TP1536 R1549 pcb_revision0
GPD4 H-TP1537
GPD14 - R1762 HDQ

GPE13 H-TP4715 - SPI_CLK0
GPE12 H-TP4716 - SPI_MOSI0
GPE11 H-TP4717 - SPI_MISO0

GPF3 H-TP4705 - EINT3

GPG0 - R1547 G2_INT (NC)
GPG2 H-TP4718 - SS0

GPH9 H-TP1532

GPJ5 - R1813 3D_RST
GPJ8 - R1546 KEEPACT (NC)
GPJ9 - R1545 SHUTDOWN (NC)

*Glamo 3362*

DGPIO0 H-TP1801
DGPIO1 H-TP1802
DGPIO2 H-TP1803
DGPIO3 H-TP1804

   We do however have a completely unused SPI interface going to the debug
board connector and nearby test points H-TP4715 - H-TP4718. The SC32442B
manual doesn't say how fast the SPI interface can go as a slave device, but
even if the 25 MHz maximum specified for master mode is also the maximum for
slave mode, it would be a substantial improvement over USB 1.1. This could
be useful because:
 a) There are cameras which output image data over a serial bus[2].
 b) There are chips to convert a camera parallel bus to a serial bus[1].
Both use differential signalling on the serial output, though. Also, the
device [1] is not bit transparent, for example, so 10-bit Bayer and JPEG
formats are not supported. A plain old shift register and a x8 PLL oscilator
for the serial clock would do the trick.

   The cameras tend to use 1.8 V, 2.5 V or 2.8 V, so some level shifting on
at least the I2C bus (debug connector or test points H-TP4703 and H-TP4704)
is necessary.

   The GTA01 also has the I2C interface and unused SPI interface available
at the debug connector. Is anybody with a GTA01 reading this? Comments?

[1] http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn65lvds315
[2] http://www.st.com/stonline/stappl/productcatalog/app?path=/comp/stcom/PcStComRPNTableView.onClickFromProductTree&primaryheader=Application%20Specific%20for%20Imaging&secondaryheader=Camera%20Modules%20-%20Standalone&subclassheader=Auto-focus%20-%20Standalone&subclassid=1056.0&count=4&producttype=

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Rask Ingemann Lambertsen
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Finding space for a camera (Was: Weird hardware mod ???)

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   I took my GTA02 apart to measure the amount of space available for
a camera.

Battery cover thickness: 1.4 mm.
Back cover thickness: 1.4 mm.
Front cover thickness: 2.7 mm (around display).

   There's a freakingly huge, white plastic spacer inside, extending from
the hole at the bottom to the USB and headphone connectors at the top, full
PCB width. It's 6.5 mm thick. The main speaker is inside the spacer and room
has been made for the WLAN module, but there's still e.g. a 11 mm by 12 mm
rectangle or 15 mm x 20 mm triangle (90 degree corner) completely unused.

   Between the battery connector and the vibrator, there's an approximately
7 mm deep, 5.5 mm wide and 6.6 mm long space. If you can live without the
vibrator, this space - between the battery connector and the USB connector -
becomes about 26 mm wide, of which the middle 15.7 mm is above a component
free area of the PCB.

   At the top of the GTA02, it might be possible to cram into something in
the area around the AUX button, earpiece speaker, debug connector and GPS
antenna, the latter of which takes up much space. In particular, its PCB is
no less than 29 mm wide and uses the full depth of 14 mm. The antenna 'box'
is only 15 mm wide - can the PCB be trimmed? How much? Notice also the
nearby 3.6 mm deep cavity between the battery cover and the back cover in
the area between the AUX button and the GPS antenna. The top part of the
GTA02 is special because there's no PCB, so you have 14 mm plus the
thickness of the cover(s). It is also close to the debug connector and
surrounding test points.

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